What is an Apple ID Index

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How the NASDAQ Exchange Works

Apple, index

Thanks to the constant improvement of technology, today on the stock exchange you can trade a wide variety of securities. shares of large corporations and start-up companies. than 60,000 quotes are traded on the exchange.

Investors from different countries take part in the auction. Trading sessions are held on weekdays from 9.00 to 16.00 local time and are available online from anywhere in the world.

Trading is carried out within two sections:

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  • NASDAQ National Market is a market for large companies. Listing for this section is determined by strict selection conditions, the main of which is a high level of capitalization.
  • NASDAQ Small Cap Market is a market for small, mostly “young” issuers. Includes about 2,000 companies representing start-ups in high-tech industries.

American corporation NASDAQ OMX Group, Inc. participates in the LSE through NASDAQ Dubai.

NASDAQ Composite (COMP)

This index includes more than 100 of the largest technology companies in the IT sector, growing at a rapid pace. Growing companies are also part of the NASDAQ Composite. The total number of participants exceeds 3000.

NASDAQ COMP is one of the key indicators of the state of the world economy. There are futures for this index that are in demand in the financial markets. The peculiarity of the index is that not the shares themselves are involved in trading, but orders to buy or sell (orders), which are drawn up for a certain period of time. Corporations themselves do not participate in trade. There is competition among stock brokers to execute orders on the most favorable terms for the client. About 600 traders are allowed to trade.

The NASDAQ Composite has been around since 1971, and in the first 30 years there was an uptrend with a sharp surge upward in the late 90s of the last century. At the beginning of this century, the index collapsed due to the bankruptcy of most start-up companies. Due to the fact that the index includes companies from the same industry, a full recovery of positions was noted only in 2015-2016.

How to get on the Nasdak exchange

An investor wishing to enter the NASDAQ exchange must have access to a licensed broker operating on international exchanges. In addition, if you choose a Russian broker, you need to have the status of a qualified investor. There are two conditions for obtaining this status:

  • the amount placed on the accounts is at least 6 million rubles;
  • have experience in financial markets for at least 2 years.

So, let’s list several ways to enter the NASDAQ exchange:

  • Through a Russian licensed broker. These include Sberbank, VTB, BCS, Otkritie, etc.
  • If you are placing only shares and do not have the status of a qualified investor, then you can place your securities through the St. Petersburg Stock Exchange, a share in which belongs to the NASDAQ stock exchange. ETF placement requires status confirmation.
  • Through foreign subsidiaries of Russian brokers. There is one nuance here: an extra intermediate link appears in the person of partners of such companies abroad, which increases the time for withdrawing funds.
  • Through a US broker such as Interactive Brokers with Russian support, or Just2Trade.

The listing procedure takes 4-6 weeks and includes the following steps:

  • consideration of the application by the commission;
  • drawing up a review letter with a list of errors to be eliminated and sending a verdict;
  • error correction;
  • consideration of a new application.

What is NASDAQ

NASDAQ is an index of the exchange of the same name, which is calculated by determining the weighted average price of all listed shares.

The main factors affecting the price of the index:

  • financial results of companies in the field of high technologies;
  • the emergence of new technologies on the market;
  • the state of the American economy.

Why is the American economy significantly influencing the index? This is because the following corporations are listed on the NASDAQ index:

The change in the value of the securities of these giants should be paid attention first of all, since they have the largest capitalization in the share of the NASDAQ index.

The principle of calculating the Nasdak index

As already noted, the NASDAQ index is the weighted average of the value of all securities at the time of the close of trading. The calculation of the index can be represented as a formula:

P. share price at the close of trading;
Q is the number of securities;
N. the number of companies whose securities are involved in the calculation of the index.

Rebalancing (revising the composition of the NASDAQ index) is performed more often than the similar procedure for the SP 500 due to the fact that the NASDAQ calculation includes newly created companies, not all of which will bring sufficient profit in the future.

History of appearance

In 1936, a self-regulatory organization was created in the United States, uniting all independent brokers. It was named the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD).

In the late 60s of the last century, computer technology began to develop at a rapid pace. On the basis of NASD, an automated NASD Automated Quotations (NASDAQ) system was created, which in the 80s was transformed into an exchange that exists to the present day.

The NASDAQ composite index itself was created in 1971. In the future, several of its varieties appeared, reflecting the conjuncture in the field of computer technology.

Today NASDAQ is the second largest stock exchange in the world (after NYSE) with a capitalization of over 11 trillion. dollars.

An example of investing in NASDAQ indices

In my opinion, a fairly simple solution for a novice investor would be the NASDAQ-100 index. Why exactly he? Because this index includes the largest companies with a worldwide reputation. To minimize risks, it is advisable to diversify the portfolio by including shares of both American and other foreign participants. If you do not have the status of a qualified investor, you can work through the St. Petersburg Stock Exchange, as mentioned above.

New technologies are fairly easy to track online and the NASDAQ-100 is more profitable than the SP 500.

It is clear that it takes time and considerable experience to acquire shares in shares that correspond to the shares of companies in the index. Therefore, consider an example of passive investing in ETF QQQ (PowerShares), which tracks the NASDAQ-100 index.

Suppose the investor’s starting capital is 6,375,000 rubles. (85,000 or 2,465,000 UAH). We will consider a long-term investment. 3 years. At the beginning of 2017, the value of the index was RUB 6,150. (82 or 2,378 UAH). therefore, 1,036 shares of QQQ could be purchased.

Over the next three years, the index noted steady growth, only in December 2018 and May 2019 were falling, which were of a short-term nature. By the end of 2019, NASDAQ 100 was trading at around RUB 10,875. (145 or 4 205 UAH).

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Thus, the passive investor’s profit for 3 years was:

(145-82) 1036 = 4 895 100 rubles. (65 268 or 1 892 772 UAH). which is 79% of the initial investment.

If we analyze the graph of this index for the period since 2000, then significant reductions were observed twice:

  • in the period from September 2000 to December 2002;
  • in the period from September 2008 to February 2009.

The minimum value (about RUB 1,875 (UAH 25 or 725)) was recorded in September 2002, the maximum (about RUB 11,400 (UAH 152 or UAH 4,408)). in February 2020.

How the Human Development Index is calculated?

Simplified, it is calculated by calculating the arithmetic mean between the three listed factors (standard of living, education, longevity). How to calculate the human potential index, taking into account the actual state of a particular sphere in the state? For this, the actual value of each of the listed indicators is calculated. The formula looks like this:

  • I is the calculated factor;
  • Dph. the actual value of the index;
  • Dmin. minimum allowable value;
  • Dmax. maximum value.

Having calculated each of the actual values ​​of the indices, then their average indicator is determined. HDI. This human development formula is classic

HDI. reflection of progress and assessment of different countries

The set of new rules of economists read: “Human development is, first of all, the possibility of choice, longevity, life worthy of a human being. Other indicators include freedom of speech, guaranteed implementation of human rights and freedoms ”. The HDI has had a great influence on how the media, politicians, specialists in various industries, and just ordinary people assess progress in different states.

The meaning of the HDI is as follows. the closer it is to one, the more chances the residents of a particular country have to realize their potential. In 2005, for example, the index ranged from 0.965 in Norway to 0.311 in Nigeria. Economists believe that the threshold value for the human development index is 0.8. This limit indicates the transition of the country to the developed category. Since 2013, the HDI is called differently. the “Human Development Index” (HDI).

If GDP is a figure that speaks only of the economic component of the situation in the state, then the indicator called the “Human Development Index” includes other factors. These are the education of residents, life expectancy, income ratio.

But the HDI also has its opponents. For example, economics professor Brian Kaplan is convinced that the index is biased. Even if there was a state where people would never die, he says, and per capita income would be infinite, even she would mathematically get an HDI of 0.666. And this figure is lower than that of Tajikistan and the countries of South Africa.

Gross National Income and Its Impact on the HDI

The concept of the human potential index is closely related to the financial situation of ordinary residents. Gross national income (GNI) is an index that consists of the following indicators. To calculate it, you need to add the profit from all products produced in the country with the profits of citizens and companies that they receive from abroad. Revenues exported outside the country are deducted from this number.

GNI falls seriously in those countries in which most of their income is paid as external debt or taken away by foreign firms as profit. The converse is also true. For example, citizens of a state may own a large percentage of the securities of another country. GNI here will be higher than GDP.

First, it does not reflect the real distribution of benefits in the country. In countries where GNI seems to be equal for everyone, large numbers of people may live on the brink of poverty. Secondly, this factor does not reproduce the damage that is caused to the environment during production. and this is excavation, and deforestation, and pollution of the seas. It also does not take into account the work of non-working women and the shadow economy.

Education index as a component of the HDI

The education factor is a combined indicator. It is used in the formula for calculating the HDI along with other data. With the help of assessing the level of education, the country’s achievements are determined according to two indices:

  • Adult literacy (this item is two-thirds of the weight in the education index);
  • Percentage of total students completing primary, secondary, and tertiary education (one third of the weight in the index).

These two indicators are summed up. The final figure reflects the educational situation in the country. This number, like the human development index, ranges from 0 to 1. A country with an indicator of more than 0.8 is considered successful.

The education index, despite its importance, is still not objective enough. It cannot reflect the quality of education. Also, this factor cannot say anything about its availability. But it can be limited for different segments of the population due to age or financial factors. In addition, those students who study abroad are not taken into account in the calculation of the indicator. This small point also distorts the overall picture.

New factors proposed for calculating the HDI

During the 20th anniversary UN report, proposals were made to introduce some more indicators. With their help, the human development index has become even more objective. Let’s list some.

  • HDI, developed taking into account inequality in various areas. education, health care, income level (abbreviated this indicator is designated as IHDI). The factor reflects the level of HDI achieved by each resident of the country, subject to an equal distribution of benefits;
  • The Gender Inequality Index (GII) has also been proposed, which shows differences between the sexes in several dimensions. First, it is an assessment of reproductive health (in particular, the number of deaths during childbirth). Secondly, an analysis of rights and opportunities. For example, the ratio of men to women in the parliament of the government. And finally, an assessment of the activity and opportunities of both sexes in the labor market.
  • Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). Reflects various kinds of deprivation within the same household. It is obtained directly from the survey of the population. The MPI is a reflection of the extent of poverty and an assessment of the simultaneous lack of different resources for each family.

How to calculate the Human Development Index?

Human Development Index. what is it and why is it needed? How to determine the effectiveness of an individual in a real society and its influence on current events. Do we need opportunities for personal self-realization within the entire world community??

At the dawn of the 1990s, a UN group of experts developed a new index. This factor was created in order to compare different countries in accordance with the opportunities they provide to their inhabitants. The main target of this index is to assess the possibility of a person’s self-actualization in a particular country.

It was named the Human Development Index (HDI). The development team consisted of the world’s leading scientists. Their command was led by a military leader from Pakistan, Mahbub-ul-Haq. Scientists decided to use this indicator as the opposite of GDP, assessing a purely economic component. For the first time, the HDI was applied in the same 1990 year.

Countries in the HDI ranking

The leaders in terms of HDI are Canada and Norway. Human development is one of the priorities for the government here. These states are followed by the United States, Australia, Iceland, and European countries. Sierra Leone, Ethiopia and Niger are at the bottom of the list. Russia ranks 70th with a fairly high score of 0.806.

The life expectancy of a Russian is 70.1 years; the duration of training is about 15 years; GNI per capita. 22,352 annually.

The human development index takes on a variety of values ​​for different countries. For Sierra Leone, it is only 0.262. Canada tops the list with 0.935. An interesting fact is that those countries that top this list do not experience a particular burden from migrants (the exception is the United States). People tend to move to where the HDI scores average.

Most of those states that are below the poverty line are located in the southern part of the Black Continent. The economy of such countries is based on what Mother Nature can give. mostly on agriculture. In addition to the low standard of living, they are constantly subject to military clashes. Such states are very seriously dependent on the help of the developed countries of the world. Here unemployment reaches gigantic proportions, and education and literacy leave much to be desired.

What factors are included in the HDI?

HDI is a set of vital factors of a citizen of a particular country. This indicator is also called in other words. the same value lies behind the notorious “standard of living”. This index gives out to the mountain the state of affairs of the state in relation to the main three factors: life expectancy, education, well-being.

Life expectancy is one of the main indicators of the HDI. This variable measures longevity and health. Measured using the statistical indicator of life expectancy. Why is the factor of “expected” life expectancy used??

The usual concept of “life expectancy” for a certain group of the population means the arithmetic mean of a set of numbers. They indicate the age of death of each member of this group. And therefore, the average life expectancy of a separate group of residents can be calculated only when all its members have died. that is, their life expectancy has become known. Such data is unlikely to be relevant for future generations. The life expectancy indicator reflects the number of years that a representative of a generation should theoretically live.

The only condition is if the mortality rate during his life will not change. Of course, many factors change as a generation lives. In fact, life expectancy turns out to be more or less than expected. However, this indicator is quite accurate.

For the first time, the Englishman John Graunt pondered over such questions. In 1662, he proposed developing tables of life expectancy for the inhabitants of London. Further, this idea was taken up by mathematicians and physicists. Among them are names such as Laplace, Leibniz, Huygens.

Life expectancy is an indicator of a country’s development, depending on the actions of the ruling elite. This is due to the fact that people in the country live according to the laws dictated by the authorities, and they can either improve their life or make it worse. For example, the UN noted the following fact. We studied countries where, in the early 50s, the number of residents who crossed the threshold of the 70th birthday was only 1%. By 2000, these countries “corrected”: the number of such people began to be 50%.

The factor of life expectancy depends on several factors: economic development, the level of medical care in the country (including progressive research in the medical and scientific field), the elimination of various types of inequalities between people, the usual hygiene of residents.

Password requirements for Apple ID registration

When creating an Apple ID account, users often encounter problems when filling out the registration form, especially in terms of entering a password and confirming it. In order to dispel all doubts about the password, we decided to tell you which password should be entered when registering an account in iTunes or iPhone, and which should not be entered.

Now let’s in order, as we already know, you can register a new Apple ID account using a computer or using the device itself, be it an iPhone, iPad or iPod Touch.

If the user creates an account using a computer with iTunes installed, then when visiting the registration section “Provide Apple ID Details” (in earlier versions, the section was called “Create iTunes Store Account”), the program prevents the continuation of registration by referring to the incorrectly entered password, although the password seems to be. is entered correctly.

The same situation is possible when registering an Apple ID using a gadget. In our case, the iPhone does not accept the password, highlighting the registration fields in red.

“So what password does this iTunes need to complete the Apple ID registration?”. the tortured user will say. In fact, everything is simple, the password must meet certain requirements:

  • Password must not be less than 8 characters
  • Password must contain numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
  • Password must contain small letters (lowercase, lowercase)
  • Password must contain CAPITAL LETTERS (CAPITAL, UPPERCASE)
  • When creating a password, do not use the same characters

When creating a password, do not use passwords used earlier, do not use a password from mail and other services. Start your password with a capital letter. Write down your username and password in a notepad so as not to forget.

A capital letter in the password for your iPhone

It happens that the owner of the iPhone, in the process of coming up with his password for the Apple ID, is faced with a request to enter an uppercase letter and gets stuck at this stage. Everything here is just a capital letter, it is a capital letter, it is also sometimes called a capital letter. To turn on the uppercase (uppercase) letter, click the button with the “up arrow” icon, which is located on the left side of the virtual iOS keyboard, its visual location can be seen here. “iPhone keyboard overview”. In general, if the iPhone asks for an uppercase letter, then use both small and large letters in the password and this message will stop bothering you.

Don’t forget that Apple ID, Apple account, iTunes account are all the same.
Happy registration!

How to create an Apple ID and why you need a single Apple ID

“Create a single identifier for all Apple products, because I had a vision that it would be very convenient and would win our audience,” said the great prophet Steve Jobs at one of the Apple Board of Directors meeting. Maybe the text was a little different, but the meaning is conveyed accurately. Apple ID is one of the most comprehensive identifiers in the world.

How to create an Apple ID using the iTunes app

iTunes is required to create Apple ID on Mac or PC.

  • Open the iTunes application, go to the “Store” or the App Store.
  • Select any application and click the “Download” button.
  • In the window that opens, for identification, click “Create Apple ID”.
    Create Apple ID via iTunes
  • We fill in all the fields in the registration form.
  • We enter our payment details and click the button “Create Apple ID”.
  • We confirm email. To do this, follow the link that should come to the specified e-mail.

Other possible ways to create an Apple ID

You can register a new Apple ID in a couple of other ways:

  • using the “Setup Assistant” when you first turn on the device and activate it;
  • through the settings of an already activated gadget.

The Setup Assistant will prompt you to create a new ID. Follow the assistant’s tips and instructions above, and registration will take place as quickly as possible.

If you activated your device, but did not create an Apple ID during activation (for technical or personal reasons), you can create an ID without any additional applications.

  • Go to the device settings and select the iCloud item.
  • In the cloud settings, click on the “Create Apple ID” item. Create an Apple ID through iCloud settings
  • Further, in the same way, as in the previous examples, we enter the mail-username, password, etc.

What is an Apple ID for

How to register, create an Apple ID in the App Store

Considering that the identifier is used in many services, it can also be registered in different services. This frees you from having to use a single application that may not be used anymore.

One of the most popular ways to register an Apple ID is through an iPhone or iPad.

Voila! You’ve created your own Apple ID that you can use to shop and use all of our services.